Pyrolyzing gasification system and method of use

ABSTRACT

The gasifier includes a furnace bed segmented into individual cells, each cell is independently monitored using a ramp temperature probe, and provided with controlled air injection to provide individually controlled burn regions within the gasifier. Gasifier air injection includes tuyere arrays, lances, or both.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gasification of biomass or other solid fuel is a process whereby air oroxygen is limited in the gasification chamber to achieve thermaldegradation of complex materials with only partial combustion of thefuel. This limited air process is referred to as starved air,substoichiometric air, or pyrolysis. The latter, scientifically definedas the thermal degradation of complex material in an inert atmosphere ora vacuum is used herein and conventionally understood in the art to meanstarved air or substoichiometric air. The resultant gases from thisthermal degradation or gasification are subsequently oxidized in asecond unit operation utilizing staged oxidation or staged introductionof air to complete or nearly complete the oxidation, or burn off,process. In application, this gasification and oxidation of fuel oftenincludes a third step in which thermal energy is recovered from the fluegas using a heat recovery device such as a steam boiler or air-to-airheat exchanger. This thermal energy can be used, for example, togenerate process steam, electrical power, or as a heat source forcommercial applications such as supplying clean hot air to a lumberdrying kiln.

It is important to be able to hold air within a gasifier at low (20–40percent) substoichiometric air percentages. Maintaining lowsubstoichiometric air percentages, specifically the percentage of airrequired for complete combustion, is critical because this allows thegasifier to maintain temperatures below the melting points of manysolids and salts that start to sublimate, vaporize, and/or combust whenthe temperature gets above approximately 950 degrees F. At temperaturesbetween 1100 and 1300 degrees F. most solids sublimate and go out thestack.

Conventional gasification systems, due to numerous sources of airleakage and/or poor air control, operate at substoichiometric airpercentages of 40 to 60 percent. Thus these machines operate at highertemperatures. Operation at higher temperatures is undesirable since suchoperation leads to loss of ash, increased particulate emissions, andresidual solid, and also leads to formation of corrosive slag. Slag isformed when salts are melted within the gasification chamber. Formationof corrosive slag attacks metal components within the gasifier and indownstream equipment, including grates and boiler tubes. When vaporizedsolids are discharged, a potentially valuable by-product of the processis lost since the ash or residual solids can have value. For example,when poultry litter is gasified, the residual ash is useful asfertilizer feedstock. In precious metal recovery applications,particulate carryover allows gold, silver, platinum, etc. to bedischarged to the atmosphere. When coal is gasified, it is important toretain the residual sulfates to prevent acid-producing sulfur from beingdischarged to the atmosphere. Other conventional designs which attemptto operate at lower temperatures are not able to control the air at suchlow percentages, resulting in considerable hot-spotting and clinkerformation wherever tramp air enters the system.

Fuel pile configuration within a gasifier is very important to achievinguniform gasification. A fuel pile which is peaked in the center causesuneven burning of the pile. A concave fuel pile causes build up andnon-gasified fuel at the perimeter of the gasifier. The optimum fuelpile shape is an elliptical to relatively flat contour, and is achievedby careful synchronization of fuel feed with ash removal. Uniformgasification is further promoted when the dome contour mirrors fuel pileshape. However, conventional gasifiers use a circular dome.

Because of the finished size and weight of conventional gasification andoxidizing incinerators, they are constructed on site in a process whichinvolves assembling an outer shell, including dome, sidewalls, furnacebed with grates and other assemblies, and fuel feed mechanism, andlining the unit with refractory brick or “gunning” refractory materialon the interior sidewalls of the unit, and so on. This is a costly,labor intensive process. These gasification units tend to have manysources of air leakage, or “tramp air”, as a result of this on-siteconstruction. Tramp air is also associated with the use of feed, grate,and ash removal assemblies, especially in cases where these assembliesare moveable.

Conventional gasification systems, incorporating metal components, canoperate with some success when burning uniform fuels such as like-sizedwood chips. However, these units are not successful in burning nonuniform solid fuels. Biomass fuels such as agricultural waste, bitumen,bovine, swine, and poultry manures, poultry carcasses, et cetera, arenon-uniform in size, shape, water content, and material. Examples ofother solid fuels which are non uniform include coal tailings, municipalsolid waste, industrial waste, and medical waste. During combustion, nonuniform fuels have a tendency to have areas of locally hightemperatures, or hot spots. Hot spotting causes warping and failure ofmetal components, even when these components are provided with coolingmechanisms. Further, competitive metal units deteriorate rapidly if thesystem is cycled, for example, during start up and shut down. Use ofspecialized high-temperature metals to compensate for these problems iscostly, and not always successful.

Conventional air injection systems, used to aerate the fuel pile withinthe gasifier, use plenums within the furnace bed and walls where thetuyeres are holes formed in the plenum. Plenums are large enclosedspaces formed below the furnace bed surface. Because of the location ofthe plenum beneath the fuel pile, the tuyeres tend to clog with ash.Further, changes in air pressure within a conventional gasifier causeash to be drawn back into the plenum to the point of filling the plenumwith ash. Because the plenum is within the furnace bed, maintenance ofthe conventional air injection systems is difficult and costly. Becausethe location of air injection is associated with locally higher burnrates and thus locally high temperatures, use of metal as a fabricationmaterial is problematic. Even when provided with cooling mechanisms,metal air injection systems are associated with clinker formation andtend to fail, for example during power failure or when the fuel pileburns down.

Following initial, partial primary combustion within a gasifier,combustion gases are oxidized within a secondary combustion unit.Oxidation is intended to burn off remaining combustibles such as CO,hydrocarbons, and VOCs. Some environmental codes require that oxidationtemperatures reach 2200 degrees F. to insure complete burnoff of thesecompounds. Unfortunately, depending upon the nitrogen content of thefuel and other variables, NOx may begin to form at 1800 degrees F. andincreases exponentially with increasing temperature. For purposes ofthis discussion, the critical NOx formation temperature used is 2200degrees F.

Modern oxidizers are required to balance complete burnoff of CO,hydrocarbons, and VOCs while minimizing formation of NOx, where the term“complete” is understood to mean “essentially complete” or “nearlycomplete” with only trace levels of the compound present in the fluegas, the trace levels being far below those levels allowed by code.Non-staging oxidizers reach flame temperatures above 2200 degrees F.,form NOx, and are then cooled, thus burning off much of the CO,hydrocarbons, and VOCs but producing flue gas having high levels of NOx.Staged oxidizers exist in the prior art which are intended to achieve abetter balance. Lewandowski et al. discuss a two stage oxidizer in U.S.Pat. No. 5,707,956 for reduction of NOx emissions from waste gas, wherewater and natural gas are injected into the waste gas to controlcombustion temperatures, and where there is no physical barrierseparating the stages. U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,193 to Shaw et al describes atwo zone combustion chamber where catalysts are used to provideefficient combustion. Both these patents require the use of externaladditives to achieve efficient combustion.

Heat energy recovery from the clean flue gas discharged from theoxidizer can be accomplished using many devices such as turbine systems,boilers, heat exchangers, and external combustion engines. Use ofturbine systems in combination with heat exchanger systems are known,but are associated with high equipment costs and require inputtemperatures significantly lower than that produced by thegasifier/oxidizer system, to prevent damage to metal components. Use ofexternal combustion engines such as Stirling cycle engines havinggasification units as their heat energy source have also been previouslycontemplated. External combustion engines are reliable producers ofelectrical power at a fraction of the cost of turbine systems. However,firing external combustion engines using gases which are products ofcombustion has been unsuccessful in practice because of the high levelsof particulate found in the flue gas of conventional gasifiers, andbecause of the low operating temperatures of conventional gasifiers.

There is a need for a pyrolyzing gasifier which can operate at lowsubstoichiometric air percentages (10–30 percent) to maintain internalgasifier temperatures below 1100 degrees F. There is a need for apyrolyzing gasifier which can tolerate general high temperatures, aswell as hot-spotting and clinker formation. There is a need for anoxidizer which can provide complete burnoff of CO, hydrocarbons, andVOCs while forming minimal NOx, and still maintain exit temperatures atcode levels. There is a need for a staged oxidizer which can achieveefficient combustion without requiring the use of external additives.There is a need for a reliable and low-cost system for pyrolyzing nonuniform solid fuels such as biomass and wastes as a means of energyproduction. There is a need for a method of pyrolyzing non uniform solidfuels such as biomass, waste coal and bitumen as a means of reducing thevolume of unwanted waste material which must be landfilled or otherwisestored. There is a need for a method of pyrolyzing non uniform solidfuels which transforms the fuel into recoverable, useful heat energy anduseful ash.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a pyrolyzing gasification system and itsmethod of use. The inventive system and method includes partial primarycombustion of biomass, or other solid fuel, within an inventiverefractory lined gasifier, where this combustion occurs at lowsubstoichoimetric percentages of 10–30 percent and at temperatures below1000 degrees F. Following gasification, secondary combustion of theprimary combustion gas is performed within an inventive staged,cyclonic, refractory lined oxidizer. Secondary combustion is staged andcontrolled for low NOx formation and complete combustion of CO,hydrocarbons, and VOCs. Following oxidation, heat energy is recoveredfrom the oxidized flue gas using an indirect air-to-air all ceramic heatexchanger and/or an external combustion engine. The inventive systempermits efficient gasification of non-uniform fuels which arenon-uniform in size, shape, water content, and material. These fuelsinclude, but are not limited to, forest products, rice hulls, woodchips, waste coal tailings, bovine, swine, and poultry manures, animalcarcasses, as well as municipal, industrial and medical solid wastes.

An inventive pyrolyzing gasifier is described which is designed toprovide primary combustion of biomass fuel at substoichoimetricpercentages of 10–30 percent thereby maintaining temperatures below 1000degrees F. This low substoichiometric air value is achieved throughimproved gasifier fabrication and assembly techniques, a design in whichall internal components are stationary and formed of refractorymaterials, and, most importantly, through strict air control. This canbe compared to other substoichiometric air gasifiers that allow trampair in through grates, feed mechanisms, and ash removal systems, whichcannot operate at percentages below 40 percent stoichiometric, causingtemperatures to exceed 1000 degrees F.

The furnace bed of the gasifier is segmented into an annular array ofindividual cells, each cell having a generally wedge shape whichincludes a portion of the centrally aligned feed cone and a fuel hopper.By segmenting the furnace bed into individual cells, the fuel pile istransformed into a plurality of individually controlled burn regions.Each cell is monitored and controlled independently of other cells,ensuring that the entire fuel pile is burning uniformly and efficiently.

The inventive gasifier provides controlled air injection into the feedcone portion, on each surface of the fuel hopper, and when required,through and around the ash removal assembly at the bottom of the fuelhopper. Air injection is achieved using independently controlledmanifolds via ceramic tuyeres, using independently controlled airinjection lances which extend radially through the fuel pile, or using acombination of tuyeres and lances. The air injection design allows airflow in one cell to be adjusted independently of air flow in othercells, and allows air flow in an area of a given cell to be adjustedindependently of the air flow in other areas of the same cell. Theinjected air may be continuous or pulsed. Pulsed air is advantageousbecause it reduces clinker formation.

The tuyeres of the inventive gasifier are an improvement over plenum-fedtuyeres of conventional gasifiers, where ash blockages are common, andinterruption of air pressure within the gasifier can cause ash to bedrawn into the plenum. The inventive tuyere system disclosed herein usesmanifolds rather than plenums, and the manifolds and tuyeres areexternally accessible. The manifolds are removable from the tuyeres toallow cleaning and replacement of the manifold. The tuyeres, orientedhorizontally or angled slightly downward to resist ash intake, areinexpensive and easy to build, easily cleaned from the outside, andallow resizing of the tuyere for adjustment of rate of air flow.

Air injection lances are equi-spaced, radially aligned, and form ahearth that gives uniform air injection throughout the fuel pile. Thelances are formed of a dense, fine-grained silicon carbide ceramic whichis highly wear resistant and to which ash does not stick. The lances canbe fixed, or alternatively, stroke in and out or twist as required bythe characteristics of the fuel being burned. For example, fuels thattend to clinker and/or bridge would require lances which translateand/or twist.

Fuel feed and burn rate is controlled within each cell using a uniqueceramic sensor tube which allows simultaneous measurement of fuel piletemperature at multiple locations within the fuel pile. Temperatureinformation from the sensor tube is used to monitor burn rate and pileheight, and is used to adjust air flow, fuel feed, and ash removal,allowing maximized fuel burn within each cell.

Ash is removed from the underside of each cell using an all-ceramicauger-type or ram-type ash removal system. The auger-type ash removalsystem is provided with air injection means formed in the hollow augertube. Air flow through the ash auger is adjustable. Additionally, theauger blades are provided with a graduated spacing to maintain the topof the fuel bed in a generally level configuration. The ash auger isoperated at a constant rate which is tied to the rate of fuel feed toavoid bridging of the fuel pile. This rate is generally very slow asthere is normally only 2 to 25 percent ash produced within the inventivegasifier. The ash auger moves the ash into a common housing where, inturn, it is dropped into a wet bottom to maintain an air seal or,alternately, into a guillotine, dual chamber air lock bottom which doesnot require water for sealing. The ash auger assembly can be removedfrom the outside of the gasifier.

The dome of the inventive gasifier has been designed specifically forbiomass gasification applications. In this design, the arcuate shape isflattened to match the shape of the fuel pile within the gasifier sothat it is hemi-elliptical, having a height to width ratio of 1 to 2 or3. Because all biomass materials when burned produce energy in thenormal range of 3500 to 6500 BTU/lb as fired, it is possible tooptimally position the height of the dome relative to the furnace bed ata position that is lower than for conventional gasifiers. Finally, thedome is completely factory fabricated, lined, and shipped ready toinstall to the construction site. This includes a light weightrefractory lining. Use of a light weight refractory lining provideseconomic benefit by avoiding on-site assembly of a dome steel shellwhich must then be lined in the field with refractory material.

Combustion gases from the pyrolyzing gasifier are transferred to astaged, cyclonic, oxidizer having all-refractory internal surfaces.Internal baffles physically segregate the interior of the oxidizer intothree stages. The internal baffles cause a cyclonic air flow paththrough the oxidizer, resulting in excellent mixing within the oxidizer.Most biomass fuels have a higher bound nitrogen content than fossilfuels, resulting in higher production of NOx when burned. Staging withinthe oxidizer burns the combustion gases at temperatures which are lowenough to reduce the formation of NOx, which forms at temperatures at orgreater than 2200 degrees F., keeping the formation of NOx below codelevels. Staging also allows the combustion gases to burn over a longenough period of time to complete the burnout of CO, resulting in a veryclean flue gas. Use of all-refractory internals allows combustiontemperatures which allow burnoff of CO, hydrocarbons, and VOCs.

A high temperature all-ceramic ejector assembly is provided immediatelydownstream of the gasifier at the fluid inlet to the oxidizer and iscritical to completing combustion in the oxidizer with minimal formationof NOx and getting good mixing to burn off CO, hydrocarbons, and VOCs.Placement of the high temperature ejector assembly at this location iskey because it allows creation and control of a negative draft withinthe gasifier, regardless of system conditions downstream of thegasifier. The high temperature ejector assembly is adjustable allowingprofiling of the flame pattern and adjustments to the draft. Unlikecompetitive designs, this allows the good mixing of the air andcombustion gases within the flame envelope, rather than using peripheraltuyeres or air introduction outside the flame envelope.

Secondary air injection is provided within the oxidizer itself. Tuyeresare formed in each baffle which control air temperature within theoxidizer and spin the flue gas. The induced cyclonic air flow promotesbetter mixing and residence time to complete the oxidation ofcombustibles and keeps combustion temperatures relatively low tominimize NOx formation.

A trim valve is provided at the outlet from the oxidizer which allowsair to be injected into the exiting, clean flue gas. When desired, thetrim valve is used to adjust the temperature of the clean flue gaswithout changing the flue gas mass flow from the oxidizer. This featureis useful when the clean flue gas is sent to a heat recovery device suchas an indirect air-to-air heat exchanger for use in certain applicationssuch as drying kilns in the wood industry, which require constant massflow of clean, heated air throughout a drying cycle. In this example,the temperature of the flue gas from the oxidizer is modified using thetrim valve without changing mass flow through the system.

Clean flue gas is then transferred to a heat recovery device. Forpurposes of illustration, the system described herein employs anall-ceramic air-to-air indirect heat exchanger, as described in my U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,775,414, 5,979,543, and 6,206,603, and incorporated hereinby reference. However, it is well within the scope of the art tosubstitute other heat recovery devices such as, but not limited to,metal heat exchangers, steam boilers and hot oil systems for the ceramicheat exchanger as required by the specific application of thistechnology. When the process operates with a high oxidized flue gastemperature or requires clean, hot air at high temperatures as suppliedby the inventive biomass gasification/oxidation system described herein,the all-ceramic heat exchanger is the practical selection. The mostefficient process utilizes a flue gas at a temperature of 2200 degreesF. Conventional metal heat exchangers cannot operate at thistemperature. In processes where very high temperature air is notrequired, the temperature of the clean air exiting the oxidizer can bemodified and alternative heat recovery devices may be used.

In an alternative embodiment, the system described herein may alsoemploy an external combustion engine as a heat energy recovery device.By inclusion of a heat engine or external combustion engine such as aStirling cycle engine in the system, the energy produced within thegasifier and/or oxidizer can be used for power generation for use inother processes. Furthermore, because the external combustion enginerequires high temperature input (approximately 1800 degrees F.) anddischarges at a moderate temperature (approximately 1500 degrees F.),the output from the external combustion engine can be used in the systemto obtain increased system efficiencies. For example, output from theexternal combustion engine can be used as a source of preheatedcombustion air for use in the gasifier or oxidizer, or can be sent toheat exchanger for additional heat energy recovery.

External combustion engines are well suited for used in the inventivesystem because they are known to be very reliable, are available atrelatively low cost, and require high temperature energy flue gas of lowparticulate level as an input energy source. The inventive gasifiersystem provides flue gases having no acids and particulate levels of0.02 grains per standard cubic foot or less, which is well below codelevels and well suited for use with an external combustion engine, andprovides these flue gases at temperatures up to 2200 degrees F.

The inventive gasifier, oxidizer, and heat exchanger are constructedhaving all internal structures formed of refractory material. Refractorymaterial is impervious to corrosive slag and other chemical attacks. Itcan operate at temperatures up to 2400 degrees F. without failure, andeasily tolerates temperature cycling (for example, when starting up andshutting down the system). Refractory material is wear-resistant and hasa long useful life. The all-refractory construction allows the user toemploy preheated combustion air through tuyeres into the gasifier, orinto the oxidizer to increase system efficiency. Use of an all-ceramicheat exchanger allows the high temperature discharge from the oxidizerto be sent directly to the all-ceramic heat exchanger without a need fortempering the discharge. This allows complete recovery of the heatenergy generated in the oxidizer. For additional increases in systemefficiency, a second heat exchanger may be employed downstream of theall-ceramic air-to-air indirect heat exchanger. The second heatexchanger may be all-ceramic, all-metal, or preferably, a metal heatexchanger having internal surfaces coated with a thermal barrier.

A method of pyrolyzing solid organic wastes to obtain useable ash andclean heat energy, at relatively low temperatures (below 1000 degreesF.), and without generating toxic by-products will be described. Themethod includes using an all-refractory gasifier, oxidizer, and heatexchanger system to provide primary and secondary combustion of biomassfollowed by heat energy recovery, where strict air control throughoutthe process ensures gasification at air levels of 10–30 percentsubstoichiometric air and relatively low-temperature oxidation. Themethod also includes staging and control of secondary combustion toprovide a clean flue gas that can be used in heat energy recovery.

Within the gasifier, biomass fuel is fed into the individual cells ofthe gasifier from below the furnace bed along the central vertical axisusing conventional means such as a vertical auger. The fuel is receivedwithin a fuel collection hopper within each cell, where air flow intothe fuel is controlled and temperatures within and around the fuel pileare monitored. Gasification of the fuel is continuous since the fuelfeed rate is synchronized with the ash removal rate.

The flue gas discharge from the center top of the gasifier hasadditional air cyclonically introduced to start completing thecombustion. The flue gas is then sent directly into an all-ceramicoxidizer where final combustion is staged and controlled to hold excessair exit temperature at 2200 degrees F. or lower to produce a flue gashaving NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and VOCs which are minimal and well belowcode levels. The gas is held at this temperature for a minimum of one totwo seconds to complete the oxidation of VOCs, hydrocarbons, and CO.

The gas then enters a heat recovery device, which may include, but isnot limited to, a conventional boiler or a ceramic air-to-air heatexchanger, so that energy can be recovered from the clean flue gas. Theclean, hot air from the ceramic heat exchanger can reach temperatures to2000 degrees F. and is used, for example, to calcine products, dry wetwastes being introduced into the gasifier, or dry lumber in conventionaldryer kilns. In the latter case, moist air is pulled in from the dryerkiln and returned to the air side of the ceramic heat exchanger, mixedwith ambient air that gives a controlled dryer kiln entrance temperaturebetween 250 and 750 degrees F.

The temperature of the air entering the heat recovery device iscontrolled by increasing and decreasing the exit air temperature fromthe low NOx oxidizer and/or using a trim valve to control temperature ofthe oxidizer flue gas discharge. This allows the gasifier to run at aconstant rate and, at the same time, allows the air exiting from theheat exchanger to run at a constant rate and still control both itstemperature and humidity. Conventional processes, using metal heatexchangers or base-loaded boilers, have to vent air or vent hightemperature flue gases. The use of the ceramic heat exchanger allows forhigher gasifier discharge temperatures and a more efficient system thanthe use of metal exchangers that cannot tolerate the higher servicetemperatures. Control of a ceramic heat exchanger is superior to thecontrol of a boiler, which can only be accomplished quickly by ventingsteam. The latter can be difficult to control and has a slow response.

The method of pyrolyzing solid fuels such as non uniform wastes toobtain useable ash and recover heat energy has several novel features:The gasifier is all ceramic and operates in starved air conditionswithin which air flow is provided in strict control. Acidic combustiongas from the gasifier is processed within an all-ceramic, uniquelystaged oxidizer where combustion is maintained at relatively lowtemperatures to produce a clean flue gas having low NOx, and having VOC,hydrocarbons, and CO at levels that are well below code. Energy recoveryis accomplished using an all-ceramic heat exchanger or conventionalmethods of energy recovery such as boilers. The method of pyrolyzing nonuniform solid wastes can produce a useful ash for use as a fertilizerboth in direct application to and as a feed stock for fertilizerproduction. By reducing the solid wastes to ash form, enormous wastevolume reduction is achieved. For example, pyrolysis of wood provides anapproximate volume reduction of 98 percent, and pyrolysis of poultrylitter provides an approximate volume reduction in the range of 70 to 90percent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the system for pyrolyzing biomass toobtain useable ash and heat energy. Solid lines indicate flow of biomasscombustion gas through the system, broken lines indicate flow of gasesthrough the heat recovery portion of the system, and dashed-broken linesindicate solid materials entering and leaving the system.

FIG. 1A is a side sectional view of the inventive gasifier illustratingthe elliptical dome, and configuration of the segmented furnace bed.

FIG. 2 is a top sectional view of the furnace bed of a 4-cell gasifierillustrating the placement of the fuel collection hopper and feed conewithin each of the wedge-shaped cells.

FIG. 2A is a top sectional view of the furnace bed of an 8-cell gasifierillustrating the placement of the fuel collection hopper and feed conewithin each of the wedge-shaped cells.

FIG. 3 is a top view of an individual wedge-shaped cell from an 8 cellgasifier illustrating the feed cone portion adjacent the apex of thewedge, the fuel collection hopper between the apex and the base of thewedge, and tuyere arrays on the feed cone portion and within the fuelcollection hopper.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an individual cell across line 4—4 of FIG.3 illustrating the angled walls of the feed cone portion and the fuelcollection hopper, the relationship between the tuyeres and the tuyeremanifolds, and the ram type ash removal assembly below the fuelcollection hopper.

FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of an auger type ash removal assemblyused with an all-refractory air-lock and dry bottom ash transport.

FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of a ram type ash removal assembly usedwith a wet bottom ash transport, where the piston is in the extended, orfirst, position and causes the flap to a horizontal open position.

FIG. 7 is a top view of an individual cell from an 8 cell gasifierillustrating the ram type ash removal assembly in place below the fuelcollection hopper, where the piston is in the extended position within achannel oriented tangentially to the sidewall of the gasifier.

FIG. 8 is a top view of an individual cell from an 8-cell gasifierillustrating the auger type ash removal assembly in place below the fuelcollection hopper, where the auger is longitudinally aligned within achannel which is oriented tangentially to the sidewall of the gasifier.

FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of a ram type ash removal assembly usedwith a wet bottom ash transport, where the piston is in the retracted,or second, position allowing the flap to hang in a vertical closedposition.

FIG. 10 is a partial side sectional view of the wall of a cell,illustrating a single tuyere and its associated manifold and air supplypipe.

FIG. 11 is a partial side sectional view of the wall of a cell,illustrating a single tuyere and its associated manifold and air supplypipe, with a bushing within the air supply pipe to modify air flow tothe tuyere.

FIG. 12 is a top sectional view of the furnace bed of a 4-cell gasifieracross where phantom lines show how ash removal transport channelsintersect in a pairwise manner at a common sump downstream of the fuelcollection hopper. Ash is removed from the common sump using an ashauger.

FIG. 13 is a side sectional view of the oxidizer illustrating the threeserially-aligned stages defined by transverse baffles, the combustionair injection assembly at the inlet duct, and the tempering air manifoldat the outlet duct.

FIG. 14 is a sectional view across line 14—14 of FIG. 13 illustratingthe position of the circular opening in the first baffle and the tuyeresabout the peripheral edge of the circular opening.

FIG. 15 is a sectional view across line 15—15 of FIG. 13 illustratingthe position of the circular opening in the second baffle and thetuyeres about the peripheral edge of the circular opening.

FIG. 16 is perspective sectional view across line 16—16 of FIG. 13illustrating the ring nozzles on the beveled portion of the innerperipheral surface of the ring and their relationship with the hollowinterior of the ring.

FIG. 17 is a top view of an individual cell of a 4-cell gasifierillustrating the radial alignment of five lances within a cell, wheretwo lances are fully shown, and three lances are partially shown, andillustrating the relationship of the lance to its external manifold.

FIG. 18 is a side sectional view of a cell illustrating the connectionbetween a lance and its external manifold, and how the lance issupported by the annular rim within the furnace bed.

FIG. 19 is a schematic view of the system for pyrolyzing biomass toobtain useable ash and heat energy, modified from FIG. 1 to include ameans for producing energy. An external combustion engine is fired usingheat energy from the oxidizer, and additional heat energy is recoveredfrom the discharge of the external combustion engine.

FIG. 20 is a schematic view of the system for pyrolyzing biomass toobtain useable ash and heat energy, modified from FIG. 1 to include ameans for producing energy. An external combustion engine is fired usingheat energy from the all-ceramic heat exchanger, and additional heatenergy is recovered from the discharge of the all ceramic heat exchangerand the external combustion engine.

FIG. 21 is the schematic view of FIG. 20 modified to illustrate the useof plural external combustion engines.

FIG. 22 is a schematic view of the system for pyrolyzing biomass toobtain useable ash and heat energy, modified from FIG. 1 to include ameans for producing energy. An external combustion engine is fired usingheat energy directly from the gasifier, and additional heat energy isrecovered from the discharge of the external combustion engine using aheat exchanger.

FIG. 23 is a schematic view of the system for pyrolyzing biomass toobtain useable ash and heat energy, modified from FIG. 1 to include ameans for producing energy. An external combustion engine is fired usingheat energy from the all ceramic heat exchanger, and moderatetemperature discharge from the external combustion engine is used by theoxidizer as a source of preheated air.

FIG. 24 is a side sectional view of the high temperature ejectorassembly illustrating the shape of the venture section and the positionof the nozzle with respect to the venture section.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to the figures, the pyrolyzing gasification system and itsmethod of use will now be described in detail. A schematic illustrationof the system, shown in FIG. 1, includes an all-refractory gasifier 10,an all-refractory, staged cyclonic oxidizer 3, and an all-refractoryair-to-air indirect heat exchanger 4. The inventive system for recyclingbiomass waste into useful ash and recoverable heat energy withoutformation of toxic by-product gases provides partial primary combustionof biomass, or other solid fuel, within pyrolyzing gasifier 10. Thiscombustion occurs at low substoichiometric air percentages of 10–30percent and at temperatures below 1000 degrees F., forming a useable ashand a primary combustion flue gas. Following gasification, secondarycombustion of the primary combustion flue gas is performed within astaged, cyclonic oxidizer 3, forming a generally clean oxidized fluegas. Following oxidation, heat energy is recovered from the oxidizedflue gas using an indirect air-to-air all ceramic heat exchanger 4and/or an external combustion engine.

For increased system efficiencies, additional heat energy can berecovered downstream of the indirect air-to-air all ceramic heatexchanger 4 using one or more metal heat exchangers 6. Reference number5 represents an external element or process which uses the heat energyrecovered by heat exchangers 4, 6. This external element or process isinterchangeable and may include, but is not limited to, a powergenerator, product calciner, a process for drying wet wastes prior totheir being introduced into the gasifier 10, hot water boiler, or alumber drying kiln.

All-Refractory Gasifier

Gasifier 10 (FIG. 1A) includes a dome 12, cylindrical sidewall 14,furnace bed 16, and feed apparatus 18. Dome 12 closes and seals theupper end of gasifier 10, and consists of an arcuate steel body which ishemi-elliptical in section. In the preferred embodiment, thehemi-elliptical section is provided with a height to diameter ratio ofat least 1 to 2, most preferably 1 to 3. This sectional shape provides adome which closely mirrors the shape of the fuel pile within furnace bed16, allowing better gasification efficiency, and a more uniform burn ofthe fuel pile. Combustion gases are drawn from the top of the dome,rather than from the side as shown in some competitive designs. Bydrawing gases from the top of the dome, a uniform gas flow upwardsthrough the fuel pile to the outlet is provided. This is preferable to aside discharge, where the products of combustion and volatiles are drawnacross the top of the fuel pile, resulting in a non-uniform velocity.Dome 12 is completely lined with refractory material, and resides at theupper edge 15 of sidewall 14.

Sidewall 14 is a hollow steel cylinder which extends between dome 12along its upper edge 15 and furnace bed 16 along its lower edge 13.Sidewall 14 is provided in a height which gives optimal spacing betweenthe dome and the top of the fuel pile, and provides the most efficientinternal volume for pyrolysis, based on calculations of energy releasedduring burning biomass wastes. This height is generally lower than forconventional gasifiers.

At locations above fuel pile 2, including mid- and upper-portions ofsidewall 14 and dome 12, the internal surfaces of gasifier 10 are linedwith a light weight refractory brick and insulated to hold the outersteel shell at low temperatures and minimize setting heat loss. Byinsulating in these areas, there is a significant reduction in weightwhen compared to competitive designs that use hard brick or densecastables. At locations which are at or below the level of the fuelpile, sidewall 14 is completely lined with dense, fine-grained, lowcreep, wear resistant castable refractory. This is the same refractorymaterial used in the furnace bed described below, and is designed totake slagging, hot-spotting, and erosion. If required by the specificapplication, tuyeres may be included along the lower perimeter of thiswall (not shown).

Furnace bed 16 is formed by assembling a plurality of individual modularcells 20. Each cell 20 is completely refractory lined with dense, lowcreep, wear resistant castable refractory. This refractory material isdesigned to take slagging, hot-spotting, and erosion. Each cell 20 isgenerally wedge shaped, consisting of a base 22, an apex 24, a firstlateral side 54 and a second lateral side 56. Base 22 has an arcuatecontour which is identical to that of sidewall 14, and apex 24 istruncated adjacent the vertical centerline 7 of gasifier 10. Firstlateral side 54 is spaced apart from second lateral side 56 such thatthe respective lateral sides converge from base 22 to apex 24.

The plurality of individual cells 20 are joined together along theirrespective lateral sides 54, 56 so as to provide furnace bed 16 which isannular in shape and segmented along lateral sides 54, 56. In thepreferred embodiment, furnace bed 16 is formed using four cells 20 (FIG.2). Larger gasifiers 10 may employ 8 cells (FIG. 2A) or more.

Each cell 20 includes a feed cone portion 30 and a fuel collectionhopper 40. Feed cone portion 30 generally overlies apex 24 of the wedgeand fuel collection hopper 30 resides between the feed cone portion andbase 22, or sidewall 14. Fuel collection hopper 40 is separated fromfeed cone portion 30 by an arcuate, generally horizontal rim section 70.

Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, fuel collection hopper 40 comprises andownwardly converging duct having the shape of an inverted pyramid, andincludes upper edge 50, lower edge 52, inner face 42, outer face 44,first lateral face 46, and second lateral face 48. Upper edge 50 of fuelcollection hopper 40 forms a closed, four-sided shape. The first pair ofopposing sides of the four-sided shape corresponds to the upperperipheral edge of respective first and second lateral faces 46, 48, andare divergent. The second pair of opposing sides of the four-sided shapecorresponds to the upper peripheral edge of respective inner and outerfaces 42, 44, and are arcuate and equidistant at every point. Lower edge52 of fuel collection hopper 40 corresponds to the lower peripheral edgeof each respective face 42, 44, 46, 48, and has a rectangular shape.Upper edge 50 is separated from lower edge 52 by the respective downwardand inward sloping inner 42, outer 44, first lateral 46, and secondlateral 48 faces. The sloped surfaces of inner face 42, outer face 44,first lateral face 46 and second lateral face 48 converge to lower edge52, lower edge 52 defining a lower opening 58 through which the solidby-products of combustion are removed from gasifier 10. Inner face 42intersects upper edge 50 along rim section 70. Outer face 44 intersectsupper edge 50 along sidewall 14 of gasifier 10. First lateral 46 andsecond lateral 48 faces are opposed, each extending between inner face42 and outer face 44.

Rim section 70 of each individual cell comprises a first end 72 adjacentfirst lateral side 54, and a second end 74 adjacent second lateral side56. When the plurality of individual cells 20 are joined together alongtheir respective lateral sides 54, 56 to form an annular, segmentedfurnace bed 16, the respective first end 72 of rim section 70 of a cell20 confronts and abuts the respective second end 74 of rim section 70′of the adjacent cell 20′, forming an annular margin 76 centered onvertical centerline 7 of gasifier 10. Because both feed cone portion 30and fuel collection hopper 40 are formed of downwardly-angled surfaces,and because annular margin 76 resides between feed cone portion 30 andfuel collection hopper 40, annular margin 76 is positioned above othercomponents of furnace bed 16.

Feed cone portion 30 is a smooth, dense wear-resistant castablerefractory feed surface 32 which slopes downward and radially inwardfrom annular margin 76. Feed surface 32 is planar and consists of upperedge 34, lower edge 36, first lateral side edge 37, and second lateralside edge 38. Upper edge 34 of feed surface 32 intersects annular margin76. Lower edge 36 of feed surface 32 is opposed to upper edge 34, andconfronts the opening through which fuel is fed into gasifier 10. Firstand second lateral side edges 37, 38 of feed surface 32 extend betweenthe respective upper 34 and lower 36 edges. When the plurality ofindividual cells 20 are joined together along their respective lateralsides 54, 56 so as to form an annular, segmented furnace bed 16, therespective first lateral side edge 37 of feed surface 32 of cell 20confronts and abuts the respective second lateral side edge 38 of feedsurface 32 of the adjacent cell 20′, forming a generally conical,downwardly converging fuel feed duct, or feed cone 31, centered on thevertical centerline 7 of gasifier 10.

It is through centrally aligned feed cone 31 that fuel is fed into thegasifier 10. The feed system 1 consists of a fuel metering bin andhorizontal and vertical augers that feed the biomass into gasifier 10 ata constant rate so as to maintain the desired pile height. As will bedescribed below with respect to ash removal, ash is continuously removedfrom fuel collection hopper 40 so that as fuel moves up into the fuelbed 2, is received within fuel collection hopper 40, and gasified, theresultant ash is removed from gasifier 10. This constant flow ofmaterial within gasifier 10 prevents bridging of the fuel pile 2.

The angle Φ₁ of feed surface 32 relative to the horizontal is customizedto accommodate the particular type of biomass being fed into gasifier10, to insure that the shape of the surface of fuel pile 2 iselliptical. For example, when burning poultry litter, this angle ispreferably 45 degrees. The angles Φ₂ of inner face 42 and Φ₃ of outerface 44 of fuel collection hopper 40 relative to the horizontal are alsocustomized to accommodate the particular type of biomass, and isintended to prevent bridging and sticking along this surface. Whenburning poultry litter, angles Φ₂ and Φ₃ are preferably 64 and 75degrees, respectively. It is understood that when other fuels areburned, angles Φ₁, Φ₂ and Φ₃ may be modified to reflect the propertiesof the fuel and to achieve the proper effect within the furnace bed.

Each fuel collection hopper 40 is provided with a temperature sensingtube 100 (FIG. 18) that provides ramped temperature control within eachcell. Sensor tube 100 is an elongate hollow rod, the rod having a firstend 102, a second end 104 opposed to first end 102, and a body portion106 which lies between and separates first end 102 from second end 104.Plural thermocouples 108 are embedded in the surface of sensor tube 100in a linear, spaced apart configuration. In the preferred embodiment, atleast three thermocouples are provided on sensor tube 100 so that athermocouple 108 is positioned at second end 104, and at least twothermocouples 108 are embedded along body portion 106. In the mostpreferred embodiment, a thermocouple 108 is positioned every 4 to 6inches along the length of sensor tube 100, so that the size of sensortube 100, as required by the specific application, determines the numberof thermocouples 108 employed. Thus, temperature sensing tube 100 mayinclude six or more thermocouples, depending upon the capacity ofgasifier 10.

Sensor tube 100 is provided in a length so that first end 102 residesadjacent to upper edge 50 and second end 104 resides below first end102, adjacent to lower edge 52 so that the temperature can be measuredsimultaneously at multiple depths within the cell. In the preferredembodiment, sensor tube 100 is secured to inner face 42 of fuelcollection hopper 40.

As the fuel pyrolyzes, the ash cools as it falls through fuel collectionhopper 40. By using sensor tube 100, a temperature profile or gradientthrough the depth of the fuel pile is obtained and can be used tocontrol fuel burn rate, pile height, or both. For example, if the coollayer of ash rises (indicated by a temperature drop) then the fuel feedrate into gasifier 10 can be increased, and or the amount of airinjected into fuel pile 2 can be increased. Alternatively, iftemperature is increasing at lower levels within fuel collection hopper40, and the fuel pile height is being maintained, the amount of airinjected into fuel pile 2 can be decreased.

A pile height control device 27 is also included on sidewall 14 at anappropriate location. This device can be used in tandem with sensor tube100, or as a redundant system for emergency purposes. Height controldevice 27 is preferably laser or optical. A mechanical height controldevice, as shown in competitor gasifiers, would not be used since theyare prone to failure.

Each cell 20 is provided with an ignition stabilizing burner 118 for usein process startup and shutdown. If necessary, burner 118 can also beused to stabilize combustion in an individual cell 20. Once combustionwithin gasifier 10 has been started, stabilizing burner 118 is rarelyactive. It is used during process shutdown to maintain requiredtempertures and prevent volatiles from being created and going out thestack while gasifier 10.

Elimination of tramp air within gasifier 10 and carefully controlledaeration of fuel pile 2 are key elements in the inventive design ofgasifier 10. Aeration of fuel pile 2 is achieved using all-ceramictuyeres 90 strategically placed within furnace bed 16, using all ceramicair injection lances 150 that extend radially through fuel pile 2, or acombination of both tuyeres 90 and lances 150. The determination of howto accomplish optimum aeration is dependent upon the specifics of theapplication.

Aeration of fuel pile 2 is achieved using a plurality of tuyere arrays122, 124, 126, 128, 379 positioned about furnace bed 16 (FIG. 3, 5).Each tuyere array is composed of a plurality of all-refractory tuyeres90 that are preferably provided in a linear, horizontally spacedarrangement. The number of tuyere arrays used and positioning of tuyerearrays within cell 20 is dependent upon the requirements of the specificapplication. Tuyere arrays may be placed in all, or a subset of, thefollowing locations: A first tuyere array 122 is positioned on innerface 42 of fuel collection hopper 40. A second tuyere array 124 ispositioned on outer face 44 of fuel collection hopper 40. Third 126 andfourth 128 tuyere arrays are positioned on respective first and secondlateral faces 46, 48 of fuel collection hopper 40. A fifth tuyere array130 is positioned on feed surface 32 of feed cone portion 30. In thepreferred embodiment, the tuyere array is positioned at a height that ismidway between upper edge 50 and lower edge 52 of cell 20.

Each tuyere 90 (FIGS. 10, 11) is formed in the refractory lining of thefurnace bed such that it is oriented at an angle which lies in the rangefrom zero (shown) to 45 degrees downward from the horizontal, and isdirected into fuel pile 2 within gasifier 10. Each tuyere 90 comprisesan opening within the refractory lining 17 of cell 20 that is in fluidcommunication with pipe 92.

Pipe 92 has a first end 93 which is external of gasifier 10, a secondend 94, and a body 96 which lies between first end 93 and second end 94and extends through outer shell wall 19 of gasifier 10. Second end 94 ofpipe 92 terminates within refractory lining 17 and intersects tuyere 90.Body 96 of pipe 92 is welded 99 to outer shell wall 19.

First end 93 of pipe 92 is provided with a removable cap or plug 97. Cap97 closes first end 93 during normal use, and can be removed to allowcleanout of pipe 92 and tuyere 90. Additionally, access to first end 93allows insertion of bushing 89 within pipe 92. Bushing 89 is used tomodify air flow from tuyere 90, giving further adjustability toinventive air injection system. Cap 97 is a means for selective closureof the first end so that during normal operation the first end of thepipe is closed and during maintenance of the tuyere, the first end canbe opened to allow the pipe and opening to cleaned.

Air flow to the tuyeres 90 is controllable so that air may be injectedinto fuel pile 2 in a steady flow, and alternatively so that air may beinjected in a pulsed flow. Air flow is further controllable so that eachtuyere array is controllable independent of the remaining sets of tuyerearrays. The source of air flow for each tuyere array is provided by amanifold 95. Manifold 95 is selectively releasably secured to body 96 ofpipe 92 using conventional pipe fittings 91. The external positioningand removability of manifold 95 allow for easy maintenance andreplacement of this component.

Aeration of fuel pile 2 is also achieved using at least oneall-refractory air injection lance 150 (FIG. 17) in each cell 20. Lance150 is an elongate hollow tube having a first end 152, a second end 154,a body 156 which separates first end 152 and second end 154, and alongitudinal axis 158 which extend between first end 152 and second end154. Lance 150 is generally horizontally oriented along upper edge 50 ofcell 20, and extends radially between sidewall 14 and annular margin 76.Second end 154 of lance 150 resides externally of gasifier 10, and firstend 152 of lance 150 is supported within a shallow opening 164 formed inrim section 70.

Body 156 of lance 150 is provided with plural, horizontally-oriented,spaced-apart holes 160. Holes 160 are in fluid communication with thehollow interior of lance 150 so that when air is propelled from firstend 152 to second end 154, the air exits lance 150 through holes 160 andis injected into cell 120.

First end 152 of each lance 150 is in fluid communication with lancemanifold 162. Lance manifold 162 resides externally of gasifier 10 andis an annular tube that encircles its outer shell 19. A valve 166between lance manifold 162 and first end 152 allows selective opening,closure, or adjustment of airflow into lance 150.

Depending on the specific biomass burned within gasifier 10, lance 150may be stationary, or alternatively, may be movable with respect to cell20. Lance 150 is capable of longitudinal translations where it isagitated radially within cell 20, and is also capable of longitudinaltwisting where it is agitated rotationally about its longitudinal axis158. Motions may be translations, rotations, both, or neither asrequired by the requirements of the application. Lance movements areactuated externally of the gasifier, and are accomplished usingconventional mechanisms.

The number of lances 150 employed within a given cell 20 is dependentupon the specific biomass burned within gasifier 20, as well as the sizeof cell 20. Gasifiers employing fewer cells 20 will may require morelances 150 per cell 20 to achieve the required air flow. In allconfigurations, lances 150 are equidistant and radially oriented in ahorizontal plane. If a single lance 150 is used, it is preferablycentered between first lateral side 54 and second lateral side 56. Iftwo lances 150 are used, they may be aligned along each respective firstlateral side 54 and second lateral side 56. Alternatively, they may bealigned so as to be spaced apart from each other and each respectivefirst lateral side 54 and second lateral side 56. If three lances 150are used, they may be positioned so that the first lance lies alongfirst lateral side 54, the second lance lies along second lateral side56, and the third lance is centered between both first lateral side 54and second lateral side 56. In the preferred embodiment, cell 20 isprovided with one, two, three, or five lances 150. However, it isunderstood that additional lances 150 may be provided if needed.

It is important to note that the fuel's heat content, or heating value,the percentage of moisture and ash, the design percentage ofstoichiometric air, and where the air is injected all determine thenumber of tuyeres, lances, and ash auger ports (described below). Somewastes do not require use of air injected through the ash auger ortuyeres, so that all injected air would be provided using lances.Alternatively, when burning low ash wastes like wood, most air would beprovided using tuyeres, and little or no air injection would be providedusing the ash auger or lance.

If the fuel is high in moisture content, such as green wood, use of thepreheated air enhances the gasification process by driving off volatilesand reducing the amount of air in the gasifier, which, in turn, holdsthe temperature down and reduces the unwanted combustion of the biomass.When burning dry fuels or fuels high in plastics, preheated air can besent to the oxidizer and ambient air to the gasifier, resulting in highsystem thermal efficiency with better combustion control.

Lower edge 52 of each fuel collection hopper 40 defines a rectangularopening 58 through which the solid by-products of combustion are removedfrom gasifier 10, including ash, clinker, and any non-combustedmaterials. Ash removal means are positioned directly below and invertical alignment with opening 58. The preferred means of ash removalincludes an all-refractory auger within a generally horizontal,refractory-lined, cylindrical channel. The auger ash removal assembly iswell suited for high ash waste removal and for waste that includesplastics, because plastics tend to hot-spot, form clinker, and aresticky. The auger ceramic is dense, gets stronger with increasedtemperatures, and slagging ash will not stick to it. The auger ashassembly is equally effective in low-ash conditions. An alternative ashremoval means can include an all-refractory ash ram within a generallyhorizontal, refractory-lined channel. The ram ash removal assembly issuited for low ash waste applications only. Both auger and ram ashremoval assemblies can empty into wet-bottom drain to maintain an airseal, or alternately, into a guillotine, dual chamber bottom which doesnot require water for sealing.

The auger ash removal assembly will now be described with respect toFIGS. 5, 8, 12, 17, and 18. Refractory-lined channel 305 is positionedbelow fuel collection hopper 40. Channel 305 is cylindrical and has afirst end 310, a second end 312 that is opposed to first end 310, and abody portion 314 which lies between first end 310 and second end 312.Channel 305 has an upper side 316 which faces the underside of fuelcollection hopper 40, and a lower side 318 which is opposed to upperside 316.

A first opening 320 is positioned on upper side 316 of body portion 314at a location which is adjacent to first end 310. First opening 320sealingly abuts, confronts, and is in vertical alignment with loweropening 58 of fuel collection hopper 40. A second opening 322 ispositioned on lower side 318 of body portion 314 at a location which isadjacent to second end 312. Vertically oriented, elongate,refractory-lined channel extension 330 is a drain shaft that intersectslower side 318 of the channel 305 at second opening 322.

In the preferred embodiment, channel extension 330 is provided with anenlarged region which houses air lock 380. Air lock 380 is formed ofall-refractory materials so that it can accommodate the high temperaturesolid by-products of combustion. Air lock 380 transfers the solidby-products of combustion through channel extension 330 to the exteriorof gasifier 10 while maintaining it air seal. Below air lock 380,channel extension 330 opens into a sump 382 which is common to the ashremoval assembly of adjacent cell 20′.

Auger 370 is an all-refractory, elongate, hollow tube 376 having anall-refractory helical blade 374 extending radially outward from tube376. Auger 370 has a first end 373 which terminates within first end 310of channel 305, and a second end 375 which terminates within second end312 of channel 305. Longitudinal axis 372 of auger 370 is aligned withthe longitudinal axis of channel 305.

Helical blade 374 of auger 370 has an outer diameter sized and shaped tofit closely within channel 305. In the preferred embodiment, helicalblade 374 is provided with a graduated pitch such that the spacing ofthe flights of the helical blade at its first end 373 are a shorterdistance than the spacing of the flights of the helical blade at secondend 375 (FIG. 8). This increase in flight spacing adjacent the ashdischarge ensures that the fuel pile 2 is generally level. However, itis within the scope of this invention to employ an auger having uniformpitch.

Tube 376 of auger 370 is hollow, and is provided with a plurality ofopenings 379 that extend between its hollow interior and the exterior.Openings 379 are positioned about tube 376 between blades 374. Whendesired, air is introduced in the hollow interior, and exits tube 376from opening 379 so as to inject air into the underside of fuel pile 2.

When in use, auger 370 rotates about longitudinal axis 372 withinchannel 305, causing by-products of fuel combustion from fuel collectionhopper 40 to be propelled at a graduated rate from first end 310 ofchannel 305 to its second end 312 where it falls into channel extension330, is discharged through air lock 380, and is received within commonsump 382 (FIG. 12).

The ram ash removal assembly will now be described with respect to FIGS.4, 6, 7, and 9. Refractory-lined channel 205 is positioned below fuelcollection hopper 40. Channel 205 has a first end 210, a second end 212that is opposed to first end 210, and a body portion 214 which liesbetween first end 210 and second end 212. Channel 205 has an upper side216 which faces the underside of fuel collection hopper 40, and a lowerside 218 which is opposed to upper side 216.

A first opening 220 is positioned on upper side 216 of body portion 214at a location which is spaced apart from each respective first andsecond end 210, 212. First opening 220 sealingly abuts, confronts, andis in vertical alignment with lower opening 58 of fuel collection hopper40. A second opening 222 is positioned on lower side 218 of body portion214 at a location which is adjacent to first end 210. Verticallyoriented, elongate, refractory-lined channel extension 230 is a drainshaft that intersects lower side 218 of the channel 205 at secondopening 222.

A refractory piston 270 resides within channel 205 and is used to propelthe by-products of combustion, which enter channel 205 via first opening220, along channel 205 to second opening 222, through which it isdischarged from the gasifier. Piston 270 has a cross section sized andshaped to closely fit within and slide longitudinally along channel 205.In the preferred embodiment, channel 205 and piston 270 have a sectionalshape which in which the upper half is rectangular and the lower half ishemispherical. However, it is within the scope of this invention toprovide these elements 205, 270 in other shapes such as polygonal orcircular. Piston 270 has a length which longer than the longitudinallength of first opening 220, and is actuated using externallypositioned, conventional activation mechanisms 272.

Piston gasket ring 274 is circumferentially embedded in the wall ofchannel 205 between first opening 220 and second end 212 of channel 205at a position where it is always in contact with the outer surface ofpiston 270. Piston gasket ring 274 abuts and confronts the peripheralsurface of piston 270 regardless of the longitudinal position of thepiston within the channel so as to provide an air seal about piston 270between first opening 220 and second end 212 of channel 205.

A pivoting refractory flapper 260 is hingedly secured to upper side 216of channel 205 between first end 210 and first opening 220 such that itis positioned immediately adjacent to first opening 220. Flapper 260 isprovided with a cross section sized and shaped to provide a sealing fitwithin within channel 205. Flapper 260 is transversely oriented withinthe channel so as to provide a barrier between the first opening and thefirst end of the channel when the piston is in the second position(described below), and so as to be urged to an open, generallyhorizontal orientation adjacent to and in parallel with the upper sideof the channel when the piston is in the first position (describedbelow).

In use, piston 270 reciprocates between a first position within channel205 and a second position within channel 205. When in the firstposition, piston 270 resides generally midway between the respectivefirst 210 and second 212 ends of channel 205, lying directly below firstopening 220 so that first opening 220 is completely obstructed by thepiston, and so that all by-products of combustion have been urged intochannel extension 230. When in the second position, piston 270 residesgenerally adjacent to second end 212 of channel 205 so that firstopening 220 is completely unobstructed by piston 270 and the by productsof combustion are permitted to fall from fuel collection hopper 40through first opening 220 and into channel 205.

Channel extension 230 is provided with a selectively closable means forsealing air which includes a slide gate 250 and associated gasketing236, 238. Slide gate 250 is an all-refractory plate which, when closed,extends generally horizontally through channel extension 230. Slide gate250 is movable through slit 232 in the wall of channel extension 230,and is supported within groove 234 formed in the opposing wall. Slidegate 250 is extended and retracted through channel 230 using externallypositioned, conventional activation mechanisms 252. Gasket 236 surroundsslide gate 250 within slit 232 to prevent air leakage at this location.Gasket 238 is used within groove 234 as a shock absorber when receivingthe leading edge of slide gate 250 therein.

When closed, leading edge 254 of slide gate 250 is supported in groove234, trailing edge 256 of slide gate 250 resides externally of channelextension 230, and air and material flow through channel extension 230is completely obstructed by slide gate 250. When opened, slide gate 250is retracted through slit 232 so that leading edge 254 is positionedwithin slit 232 and the remainder of slide gate 250 is positionedexternally of channel extension 230. This configuration permitsunobstructed flow through channel extension 230. Below slide gate 250,channel extension 230 opens into a sump 282 which is common to the ashremoval assembly of adjacent cell 20′.

When piston 270 is in the first position (FIG. 6), flapper 260 is urgedupwards, and then slide gate 250 is opened to allow ash to fall tocommon sump 282. When piston 270 is in the second position (FIG. 9),flapper gate 260 returns to a vertical orientation so as to prevent ashfrom entering channel extension 230, and slide gate 250 is closed,sealing channel extension 230.

All-refractory Oxidizer

Referring now to FIGS. 13–16, the inventive cyclonic, staged oxidizer 3will now be described. Oxidizer 3 is an elongate, hollow, cylindricalbody having a first end 406, a second end 408 opposed to first end 406and separated from it by a mid portion 410. Longitudinal axis 412extends from first end 406 to second end 408. In use, longitudinal axis412 is oriented generally horizontally, and oxidizer 3 has an upper side402 and a lower side 404. Oxidizer 3 consists of a steel outer shell 454which is completely lined 456 with refractory material. All internalcomponents, described below, are also formed of refractory material.

First end 406 of oxidizer 3 is provided with a conical endwall 414 thatterminates in an apex 416. Apex 416 houses the ignition and stabilizingburner 418. Second end 408 is provided with a generally flat endwall417. Mid portion 410 includes a cylindrical sidewall 420 that hasrefractory interior surface 422. Extending in a direction normal tointerior surface 422 are first baffle 424 and second baffle 426. Firstbaffle 424 and second baffle 426 extend radially inward from interiorsurface 422 of sidewall 420 in a spaced relationship both from eachother and from respective first and second ends 406, 408. This spacedrelationship segments the interior space into a first stage 428, asecond stage 430, and a third stage 432. The respective first, secondand third stages 428, 430, 432 are serially aligned along longitudinalaxis 412 of oxidizer 3 such that first stage 428 resides between thefirst end 406 and the first baffle 424, second stage 430 resides betweenfirst baffle 424 and second baffle 426, and third stage 432 residesbetween second baffle 426 and second end 408.

First baffle 424 (FIG. 14) and second baffle 426 (FIG. 15) each consistof a circular plate 434. Circular plate 434 has a first area, and aradius which is the same as the interior radius of sidewall 420.Circular plate 434 is provided with a circular opening 436. Circularopening 436 has a second area that is approximately one-third of thefirst area. Thus, the baffles 424, 426 obstruct two-thirds of the areaof plane in which they lie, forcing air flow through circular opening436. Circular opening 436 is positioned adjacent sidewall 420 such thata portion of the peripheral edge of circular opening 436 coincides withboth a portion of the peripheral edge of circular plate 434 and sidewall420.

In the preferred embodiment, first baffle 424 extends from sidewall 420on a first side of mid portion 410 and second baffle 426 extends fromsidewall 420 on a side which is opposed to the first side, causing fluidflow through the oxidizer to travel a helical or cyclonic path aboutlongitudinal axis 412. In the most preferred embodiment, as shown inFIGS. 14 and 15, first baffle 424 extends from upper side 402 ofsidewall 420 such that its circular opening 436 resides adjacent lowerside 404. Second baffle 426 extends from lower side 404 such that itscircular opening 436 resides adjacent upper side 402.

The peripheral edge 437 of the circular opening 436 of each respectivebaffle 424, 426 is provided with an array of tuyeres 438, 440. Thetuyeres within these arrays 438, 440 are spaced apart in linearalignment along peripheral edge 437 and angled to enhance the cyclonicaction of the air flow through oxidizer 3. Each baffle 424 and 426 hasan annular vacancy 439 surrounding circular opening 436. Vacancy 439 isin fluid communication with its respective tuyere array 438, 440, andprovides the air source for tuyeres 438, 440.

First baffle 424 is provided with small vent holes 425 that extendthrough its circular plate 434. Vent holes 425 lie adjacent upper side402 of oxidizer 3 so as to prevent pocketing of gas during oxidizerstart up and shut down. It is understood that when a baffle 426 isoriented as shown in FIG. 15 where circular opening 436 is adjacentupper side 402, vent holes 425 are unnecessary.

Fluid inlet duct 446 conveys partial primary combustion (dirty) gasesfrom gasifier 10 to oxidizer 3, and intersects sidewall 420 within firststage 428. Fluid inlet duct 446 intersects sidewall 420 between upperside 402 and lower side 404 such that fluid inlet duct 446 is orientedgenerally horizontally and generally transverse to longitudinal axis 412of oxidizer 3. Fluid outlet duct 448 conveys oxidized (clean) gases outof oxidizer 3 and intersects sidewall 420 within third stage 432. Fluidoutlet duct 448 intersects sidewall 420 at lower side 404 such thatfluid outlet duct 448 is oriented generally vertically and generallytransverse to longitudinal axis 412 of oxidizer 3. Emergency relief duct450 is provided in sidewall 420 the third stage 432 for selective acuterelease of fluid from oxidizer 3, emergency relief duct 450 including anemergency relief valve 9 that, when activated, allows release of fluidto the atmosphere via stack 8. Emergency relief duct 450 intersectssidewall 420 at upper side 402 such that emergency relief duct 450 isoriented generally vertically and generally transverse to longitudinalaxis 412 of oxidizer 3.

Oxidizer 3 includes a high temperature ejector assembly 460 within fluidinlet duct 446, adjacent sidewall 420. High temperature ejector assembly460 consists of a ceramic air injection tube 462 which is adjustablypositionable within a fixed, insulated ceramic guide pipe 478 adjacentan all-ceramic venturi section 447 formed in inlet duct 446.

Air injection tube 462 is an elongate, all-refractory hollow tube. Tube462 has a first end 464, a second end 466 opposed to first end 464, anda mid portion 468 between first end 466 and second end 468. First end464 resides externally of fluid inlet duct 446. Second end 466 and midportion 468 of tube 462 resides within guide pipe 478, which in turnresides within fluid inlet duct 446 such that tube 462 lies generallycentered within and aligned with fluid inlet duct 446. Second end 466 oftube 462 terminates in a tapered ceramic nozzle 470. Tapered nozzle 470is in fluid communication with the hollow interior of tube 462 so thatwhen air is propelled within the hollow interior of tube 462 from firstend 464 to second end 466, air is injected into venturi section 447 offluid inlet duct 446 via nozzle 470.

Guide pipe 478 is fixed to and extends from fluid inlet duct 446. Guidepipe 478 supports air injection tube 462 within fluid inlet duct 446,and provides a protective covering for air injection tube 462 withinfluid inlet duct 446. This protective covering is used to prevent slagformation on air injection tube 462 which can occur due to thetemperature differential between the air injection tube and thecombustion flue gas stream. Guide pipe 478 has an insulated core tominimize its temperature differential with the combustion flue gasstream.

Venturi section 447 is an all-ceramic duct having a constricted portion472 followed by a diverging portion 476. Diverging portion 476 isrelatively long compared to constricted portion 472, allowing recoveryof pressure loss. The angle of divergence is critical to the creation ofdraft within gasifier 10, and is custom designed for the particularprocess used based on the required draft, the amount of air put in, andthe amount of fluid being induced. Nozzle 470 is positioned within inletduct 446 upstream of, and adjacent to, constricted portion 472, thisposition being adjustable toward and away from constricted portion 472.

This configuration allows mixing of gases within the flame envelope,rather than using peripheral tuyeres in the first stage as shown inprior art patents. High temperature ejector assembly 460 is critical tocompleting the combustion within oxidizer 3 with minimal NOx formation,and getting good mixing to burn off CO, hydrocarbons, and VOCs.

Air flows through nozzle 470 inducing flue gas flow through duct 446,and allows creation of a negative draft within gasifier 10. The amountof draft generated is controlled by adjusting the position of nozzle 470in and out of venturi section 447 of duct 446, as well as by adjustingthe air pressure through nozzle 470. The ability to create and control anegative draft at this location within the system is an important safetyfeature. During normal function of the system, an ID fan 11 locateddownstream of the heat exchangers 4, 6, generates the negative draft forthe system. However, during a system upset which causes ERS 9 to beemployed, the negative draft for the system is dissolved. The adjustableair induction feature in high temperature ejector assembly 460 maintainsthe negative draft within gasifier 10 any time the draft downstream ofgasifier 10 is not negative, such as during a system upset. All-ceramicconstruction of high temperature ejector assembly, duct 446, as well asgasifier 10, oxidizer 3, and heat exchanger 4 makes the systemcomponents impervious to heat damage, chemical attack, and able to shedany slag or clinker formation.

Oxidizer 3 includes a tempering air manifold 480 (FIG. 16) within fluidoutlet duct 448, adjacent sidewall 420. Tempering air manifold 480permits adjustment of the temperature of fluids exiting oxidizer 3 whilemaintaining a constant mass flow. Tempering air manifold 480 consists ofan all-refractory ring 482 that resides about the interior surface offluid outlet duct 448. Ring 482 has a hollow interior 484, an outerperipheral surface 486 which confronts the interior surface of fluidoutlet duct 448, and an inner peripheral surface 488 which is opposed toouter peripheral surface 486 and faces the centerline of fluid outletduct 448. The lower edge of inner peripheral surface 488 is beveled, andis provided with a plurality of ring nozzles 490. Ring nozzles 490 arein fluid communication with hollow interior 484 of ring 482 such thatwhen air is propelled within hollow interior 484, air is injected intofluid outlet duct 448 via the plurality of ring nozzles 490. Each ringnozzle 490 has an angled orientation within ring 482. This angled airflow from nozzles 490 promotes mixing with fluids exiting from oxidizer3, and directs them downstream and away from oxidizer 3.

Induced draft (ID) fans 11 maintain a negative pressure in the system.This is important as a safety feature as it allows system doors to beopened while operating without danger of system heat energy ventingthrough the doors. In addition, by placing ID fans 11 in strategiclocations such as a cold zone, the ID fans 11 overcome the pressuredrops which occur within the heat exchanger 4, 6 and external combustionengine 29, making the systems less expensive to operate. Hightemperature ejector assembly 460, described above, maintains a negativedraft within gasifier 10 in the event of a system upset, such as whenthe emergency relief stack 9 is employed.

The Emergency relief stack (ERS) 9 is a conventional element used as asafety feature in conjunction with the oxidizer 3. ERS 9 provides anatural draft and releases excess heat energy to protect downstreamequipment in cases of system shutdown and/or failure. When the system isconfigured as in FIG. 22 where oxidizer 3 is not included, ERS 9 is notrequired and can be replaced with a conventional stack and an ID fan 11.

The inventive gasifier 10 and oxidizer 3 are factory fabricated inmodular form to reduce both fabrication and assembly costs, for ease ofmanufacture and assembly, and to produce a better quality product thanfield constructed counterparts. Conventional gasifiers are typicallycompletely field-constructed, with associated labor costs due toconstruction and assembly, and with variability in conditions which leadto poor quality control. Gasifier 10 can be broken down into pluralindividual cells, a main furnace shell and a completely lined dome,which are constructed in factory conditions to insure air-tight,high-tolerance modules that are sized to be light enough to ship to thedesired site. Upper portions of sidewall 14 and dome 12 are insulatedand lined with a light weight refractory as described above. Thisinsulation results in a significant reduction in weight when compared tocompetitive designs that use hard brick or dense castables. Thisreduction in weight is key to allowing shipping of modular units.Oxidizer 3 can be shipped as one lined section or two, depending on theoverall gross heat release that sizes the unit.

External Combustion Engine

The system used to pyrolyzing biomass 2 or other solid waste describedabove can be configured to produce energy extremely efficiently byincluding at least one external combustion engine 29 in the system. Thepreferred external combustion engine 29 is a commercially available heatengine that employs a gaseous working medium sealed within the machine.A portion of this engine is maintained at a high temperature using theflue gas stream from the gasifier 10 or oxidizer 3, or by using hotclean air from the all-ceramic heat exchanger 4. Another portion of theengine is maintained at a constant low temperature, and the gaseousworking medium is transferred between the hot and cold portions bymovement of the engine's pistons. Thermal expansion at the hot enddrives the pistons toward the cold end, compressing cold gas beneath thepistons. The reciprocating motion of the pistons powers the generator,and a regenerator is used between the hot and cold portions to increaseefficiency. External combustion engine 29 requires hot side inputtemperatures of approximately 1800 degrees F. for proper function, anddischarges gas at a moderate temperature, approximately 1500 degrees F.

The modified system can be configured in many ways, depending on therequirements of the specific application. Several configurations willnow be described with respect to FIGS. 19–23.

When only power generation is required, and the fuel produces arelatively clean combustion flue gas, the discharge from gasifier 10 isused to fire external combustion engine 29, as shown in FIG. 22. Becausecombustion flue gas is discharged from the gasifier at temperatures ofapproximately 1000 degrees F., the temperature of the combustion fluegas is raised prior to entering external combustion engine 29 usingconventional means, which may include, but is not limited to,re-combusting the combustion flue gas. Conventional external combustionengines may be purchased having re-combustion components. If desired,heat energy from the moderate temperature flue gas discharged fromexternal combustion engine 29 may be recovered using an alloy metal heatexchanger for use in an external process 5, such as a lumber dryingkiln.

When only power generation is required, and the fuel is problematic, theinventive staged oxidizer 3 is included in the system. As shown in FIG.19, the combustion flue gas from gasifier 10 is directed to oxidizer 3,and the discharge from oxidizer 3 is used to fire the externalcombustion engine. In this configuration, the temperature of thedischarge from oxidizer 3 is tempered using tempering air manifold 480from an approximate temperature of 2200 degrees F. to a an approximatetemperature of 1800 degrees F., so as to provide the proper hot sideinput temperature for external combustion engine 29. If desired, heatenergy from the moderate temperature flue gas discharged from externalcombustion engine 29 may be recovered using an alloy metal heatexchanger for use in an external process 5.

When the fuel is very problematic, for example producing a combustionflue gas having high quantities of particulate, the system can beconfigured as in FIG. 20. In this configuration, the fuel is gasifiedwithin gasifier 10, the combustion products from the gasifier areoxidized within oxidizer 3. Note that discharge from oxidizer 3 is nottempered, but is sent at approximately 2200 degrees F. to the air-sideof all-ceramic heat exchanger 4. Within all-ceramic heat exchanger 4,air-side combustion flue gas transfers heat energy to tube-side cleanair, providing clean hot air at temperatures of approximately 1800degrees for use in firing external combustion engine 29. Air-sidedischarge from all-ceramic heat exchanger 4 can be directed to thetube-side of an alloy metal heat exchanger. Within alloy metal heatexchanger 6, tube-side flue gas transfers heat energy to air-side cleanair, providing a preheated clean air for input to all-ceramic heatexchanger 4, and/or a source of hot clean air for use in an externalprocess 5.

Heat energy from the moderate temperature (approximately 1500 degreesF.) flue gas discharged from external combustion engine 29 may be usedas a source of preheated air for use in staged cyclonic oxidizer 3 (asshown in FIG. 23). A direct result of the use of preheated air inoxidizer 3 is a reduction of almost 4 to 1 in the amount of fuelrequired by gasifier 10. Thus, the system disclosed in FIG. 23 isextremely efficient. In fact, the system disclosed in FIG. 23 is moreefficient than air or gas micro-turbine systems, and does not requirethe high pressures and control systems associated with turbine systems.The quantity of power generated by external combustion engines 29 areequivalent to that produced by microturbines at a fraction of the cost.Further system efficiencies are obtained by including one or more metalalloy or metal heat exchangers 6 in the system downstream of theall-ceramic heat exchanger to recover additional heat energy. Theadditional heat energy recovered can be used as a source of preheatedair in other components of the system, such as gasifier 10 orall-ceramic heat exchanger 4 (shown) or in an external process.

Alternatively, the heat energy may be recovered using a metal heatexchanger, as shown in FIG. 20, for use in an external process 5.

FIG. 21 is a modification of FIG. 20 wherein the single externalcombustion engine 29 is replaced by a plurality of external combustionengines 29. These engines 29 are fired in parallel using hot, clean airdischarged from all-ceramic heat exchanger 4, providing additional powergeneration as well as additional heat energy for use in additional, orlarger scale, external processes. Those skilled in the art understandthat plural external combustion engines 29 can replace a single externalcombustion engine in any system configuration.

Method of Gasification

A method of pyrolyzing biomass 2 or other solid waste at temperaturesbelow 1000 degrees F. to obtain useable ash and heat energy withoutgenerating toxic byproducts will now be described. The method consistsof partial primary combustion of biomass 2 within pyrolyzing gasifier 10to produce useful ash and primary combustion flue gas, followed bysecondary combustion of the primary combustion flue gas within staged,cyclonic oxidizer 3 to produce a generally clean flue gas, the generallyclean flue gas then is directed to at least one heat exchanger 4, heatenergy being recovered from the generally clean flue gas as it is passedthrough heat exchanger 4.

More specifically, the method of pyrolyzing biomass consists of thefollowing steps:

Step 1. Biomass fuel 2 is fed into feed cone 31 of gasifier 10 up frombelow furnace bed 16 and along the central vertical axis 7 usingconventional fuel feed apparatus 18.

Step 2. Biomass fuel 2 enters fuel collection hopper 40 of eachrespective cell 20 as it rises over annular margin 76.

Step 3. Partial primary combustion of biomass fuel 2 is initiated withineach cell using ignition and stabilizing burner 118.

Step 4. Partial primary combustion of biomass fuel 2 occurs within eachfuel collection hopper 40 under starved air conditions in the range of20 to 40 percent stoichiometric by strict control and monitoring of airflow into each cell. Gasification temperatures are controlled so as toremain below 1000 degrees F. to prevent formation of undesirablecompounds such phosphorous and sulfur. Temperatures within fuel pile 2within each cell are monitored using sensor tube 100. Temperatureinformation from sensor tube 100 is used to monitor burn rate and pileheight, and is used to adjust air flow, fuel feed, and ash removal,allowing maximized fuel burn within each cell. Gasification of the fuelis continuous since the fuel feed rate is synchronized with the ashremoval rate. As needed, air is injected into fuel collection hopper 40using tuyeres 90, lances 150, or a combination of both.

The products of partial primary combustion are a usable ash suitable forfertilizer, and a partial primary combustion flue gas. The ash isremoved from the bottom of fuel collection hopper using an all ceramicauger 200, or an ash ram 200. The partial primary combustion flue gasexits gasifier 10 through at outlet at the top of dome 12.

Step 5. The partial primary combustion flue gas is directed throughfluid inlet duct 446 to oxidizer 3. While in fluid inlet duct 446 andimmediately prior to entering oxidizer 3, air is injected into theprimary combustion flue gas using high temperature ejector assembly 460,providing a primary combustion flue gas-air mixture having asub-stoichiometric ratio of approximately 50 to 70 percent to control toa temperature of approximately 1800 degrees F.

Step 6. The primary combustion flue gas-air mixture enters the firststage 428 of oxidizer 3 where secondary combustion is initiated andperformed at temperatures at or below 1800 degrees F. to preventformation of NOx.

Step 7. Secondary combustion flue gas exits first stage 428 and enterssecond stage 430 where air is injected using the first baffle tuyerearray 438 to enhance mixing and combustion and to control combustiontemperatures, second stage 430 used to begin burnout of CO and VOCs.

Step 8. Secondary combustion flue gas exits second stage 430 and entersthird stage 432 where air is injected using the second baffle tuyerearray 440 to enhance mixing and combustion and to control combustiontemperatures, third stage 432 allowing the flue gas to be maintained ata temperature in the range of 1600 to 2200 degrees F. for a time periodof approximately one to two seconds to ensure complete burnout of CO andVOCs, and resulting in generally clean flue gas.

Step 9. The generally clean flue gas is discharged from oxidizer 3 viafluid outlet duct 448. While in fluid outlet duct 448 and immediatelyafter exiting oxidizer 3, when appropriate, air is injected into thegenerally clean flue gas using tempering air manifold 480 to adjust thetemperature of the generally clean flue gas without reducing mass flowfrom oxidizer 3.

Step 10. The generally clean flue gas-air mixture is directed into anall-refractory air-to-air indirect heat exchanger 4 so that energy canbe recovered from the clean flue gas.

Step 11. The energy recovered using all-refractory air-to-air indirectheat exchanger 4 is used as an energy source in a wide variety ofapplications, including, but not limited to power generation (FIG. 20)or as a heat source for an external process 5 such as drying lumberwithin an industrial lumber kiln.

Step 12. The generally clean flue gas-air mixture exits fromall-refractory air-to-air indirect heat exchanger 4 and is directed to ametal heat exchanger 6 where additional heat recovery occurs, resultingin improved system efficiency.

Step 13. The generally clean flue gas-air mixture exits from the metalheat exchanger 6 where it is released to the environment.

The method of pyrolyzing biomass 2 or other solid waste described abovecan be configured to produce energy extremely efficiently by includingat least one external combustion engine 29 in the system, as describedabove.

A first method of pyrolyzing solid wastes to produce a useable ash andgenerate power using a gasification system, where the gasificationsystem includes gasifier 10 and at least one external combustion engine29 (FIG. 22), is as follows:

Step 1. Solid wastes are gasified within gasifier 10 producing ash andcombustion flue gases.

Step 2. The combustion flue gases discharged from gasifier 10 aredirected to an external combustion engine 29, and used therein to fireexternal combustion engine 29, external combustion engine 29 generatingpower and producing a moderate temperature flue gas discharge. It isunderstood that, if desired, plural external combustion engines 29 canbe used and fired simultaneously for additional power generation.

If desired, additional heat energy can be recovered from the flue gasdischarge of external combustion engine 29 as follows:

Step 3. The flue gas discharge from external combustion engine 29 isdirected to heat exchanger 6, heat exchanger 6 recovering heat energyfrom the flue gas discharge.

A second method of pyrolyzing solid wastes to produce a useable ash andgenerate power using a gasification system, wherein the gasificationsystem includes gasifier 10, staged cyclonic oxidizer 4, and at leastone external combustion engine 29, is as follows:

Step 1. Solid wastes are gasified within gasifier 10 producing ash andcombustion flue gases.

Step 2. The combustion flue gases discharged from gasifier 10 aredirected to staged cyclonic oxidier 3.

Step 3. The combustion flue gases are oxidized within the staged cylonicoxidizer 3 and discharged as clean flue gas.

Step 4. The temperature of clean flue gas discharged from oxidizer 3 isadjusted using tempering air manifold 480. Clean flue gases are reducedfrom approximately 2200 degrees F. to the required inlet temperature ofexternal combustion engine 29, approximately 1800 degrees F.

Step 5. The clean flue gas from oxidzer 3 is directed to externalcombustion engine 29 and used therein to fire external combustion engine29, external combustion engine 29 generating power and discharging fluegas. It is understood that, if desired, plural external combustionengines 29 can be used and fired simultaneously for additional powergeneration.

If desired, additional heat energy can be recovered from the flue gasdischarge of external combustion engine 29 as follows:

Step 6. The flue gas discharge from external combustion engine 29 isdirected to heat exchanger 6, heat exchanger 6 recovering heat energyfrom the flue gas discharge.

A third method of pyrolyzing solid wastes to produce a useable ash andgenerate power using a gasification system, wherein the gasificationsystem includes gasifier 10, a staged cyclonic oxidizer 3, at least oneexternal combustion engine 29, and an all-ceramic air-to-air indirectheat exchanger 4 (FIG. 20) is as follows:

Step 1. Solid wastes are gasified within gasifier 10 producing ash andcombustion flue gases.

Step 2. The combustion flue gases discharged from gasifier 10 aredirected to staged cyclonic oxidier 3.

Step 3. The combustion flue gases are oxidized within the staged cylonicoxidizer 3 and the resulting “clean” flue gas is discharged from stagedcyclonic oxidizer 3 and directed to the air-side of an all-ceramicair-to-air indirect heat exchanger 4. Note that no temperaturemodification is required of the oxidizer flue gas discharge.

Step 4. Within all-ceramic air-to-air indirect heat exchanger 4, thehot, air-side combustion flue gases heat clean, tube-side air.

Step 5. The hot clean air is discharged from the tube side ofall-ceramic heat exchanger 4 and is directed external combustion engine29. Hot combustion flue gases are discharged from the air-side ofall-ceramic heat exchanger 4 and directed to the stack 8 or an alloymetal heat exchanger 6 for additional heat energy recovery.

Step 6. Hot clean air from all-ceramic heat exchanger 4 is used to fireexternal combustion engine 29, external combustion engine 29 thengenerating power. It is understood that, if desired, plural externalcombustion engines 29 can be used and fired simultaneously foradditional power generation.

If desired, additional heat energy can be recovered from the flue gasdischarge of external combustion engine 29 as follows:

Step 7₁. The flue gas discharge from external combustion engine 29 isdirected to heat exchanger 6, heat exchanger 6 recovering heat energyfrom the flue gas discharge.

Alternatively, the heated gas from the discharge of external combustionengine 29 can be used as a source of preheated air for staged oxidizer 3(FIG. 23) as follows:

Step 7₂. The flue gas discharge from external combustion engine 29 isdirected to staged cyclonic oxidizer 3 where it is used as a source ofpreheated air.

While I have shown and described the preferred embodiment of myinvention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodiedotherwise than as herein specifically illustrated and described, andthat certain changes in the form and arrangements of parts and thespecific manner of practicing the invention may be made within theunderlying idea or principles of the invention within the scope of theappended claims.

1. A gasifier for pyrolyzing organic material, the gasifier comprising aplurality of individual modular cells, the individual cells joinedtogether to form a furnace bed, each individual cell being completelylined with refractory material wherein each cell is provided with airinjections means, and wherein the air injection means of each cell iscontrolled independently to provide individually controlled burnregions, the upper end of the gasifier being closed and sealed using amonolithic dome, the dome comprising a hemi-elliptical section, thehemi-elliptical section comprising a height to diameter ratio of atleast 1 to 2, the dome being completely lined with refractory material,a cylindrical sidewall, the sidewall comprising a lower edge, an upperedge, and a refractory lined inner surface, wherein the lower edge ofthe sidewall is fixed to the furnace bed, the upper edge of the sidewallis fixed to the periphery of the monolithic dome, the sidewall centeredon the vertical centerline of the gasifier.
 2. The gasifier of claim 1wherein each individual cell comprises an overall wedge shape, eachindividual cell comprising a base, an apex, a first lateral edge and asecond lateral edge, the base comprising a curvilinear contour which isidentical to that of the sidewall of the gasifier, the apex of theindividual cell being truncated adjacent the vertical centerline of thegasifier, the first lateral edge being spaced apart from the secondlateral edge such that the respective lateral edges converge from baseto apex, the plurality of individual cells are joined together alongtheir respective lateral edges such that the furnace bed is annular andsegmented.
 3. The gasifier of claim 2 wherein each individual cellcomprises a feed cone portion and a fuel collection hopper, the feedcone portion overlying the apex, the fuel collection hopper residingbetween the feed cone portion and the base, the fuel collection hopperbeing separated from the feed cone portion by an linear, generallyhorizontal rim section, wherein the fuel collection hopper comprises andownwardly converging duct provided in the shape of an inverted pyramid,the fuel collection hopper comprising an upper edge, a lower edge, aninner face, an outer face, a first lateral face and a second lateralface, the upper edge of the fuel collection hopper comprising a closed,four-sided shape, the lower edge of the fuel collection hoppercomprising a rectangular shape, the upper edge being separated from thelower edge by the respective inner, outer, first lateral, and secondlateral faces, the inner face of the fuel collection hopper intersectsthe upper edge of the fuel collection hopper along the rim section, theouter face of the fuel collection hopper intersects the upper edge ofthe fuel collection hopper along the sidewall of the gasifier, the firstand second lateral faces each extending between the inner face and theouter face, the sloped surfaces of the inner face, outer face, firstlateral face and second lateral face converging to the lower edge, thelower edge defining a lower opening through which the solid by-productsof combustion are removed from the gasifier.
 4. The gasifier of claim 3wherein the rim section of each individual cell comprises a first endadjacent the first lateral face and a second end adjacent the secondlateral face such that when the plurality of individual cells are joinedtogether along their respective lateral edges so as to form an annular,segmented furnace bed, the respective first end of the rim section of acell confronts and abuts the respective second end of the rim section ofthe adjacent cell, forming an annular margin centered on the verticalcenterline of the gasifier, the feed cone portion comprising a planarfeed surface which slopes downward and inward from the margin, the feedsurface comprising an upper edge, a lower edge, a first lateral sideedge, and a second lateral side edge, the upper edge of the feed surfaceintersecting the margin, the lower edge of the feed surface opposed tothe upper edge, the first and second lateral side edges of the feedsurface extending between the respective upper and lower edges of thefeed surface such that when the plurality of individual cells are joinedtogether along their respective lateral edges so as to form an annular,segmented furnace bed, the respective first lateral side edge of thefeed surface of a cell confronts and abuts the respective second lateralside edge of the feed surface of the adjacent cell, forming a generalconical feed duct centered on the vertical centerline of the gasifierdefining a duct through which fuel material is fed into the gasifier. 5.The gasifier of claim 4 wherein each individual cell is provided with atemperature sensing probe, the temperature sensing probe comprising anelongate rod, the rod having a first end, a second end opposed to thefirst end, and a body portion which lies between and separates the firstend from the second end, the rod comprising a thermocouple embedded inthe second end, the rod comprising at least two thermocouples embeddedin the body portion, the thermocouples positioned on the rod in a spacedapart relationship, the rod being provided in a length such that thefirst end resides adjacent to the upper edge of the fuel collectionhopper and the second end resides adjacent to the lower edge of the fuelcollection hopper so that the temperature can be measured simultaneouslyat multiple locations within the cell.
 6. The gasifier of claim 5wherein the temperature sensing probe is embedded in the inner face ofthe fuel collection hopper.
 7. The gasifier of claim 5 wherein each cellis provided with air injection means, and wherein the air injectionmeans of each cell is controlled independently of independently of theremaining cells.
 8. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein air injection meanscomprises a first tuyere array within the gasifier to introduce airwithin each individual cell, the first tuyere array comprising pluralrefractory nozzles positioned on the inner face of the fuel collectionhopper such that they oriented at an angle which lies in the range fromzero to 45 degrees downward from the horizontal, and are directed into apile of fuel material within the cell.
 9. The gasifier of claim 8wherein air injection means comprises a second tuyere array within thegasifier to introduce air within each individual cell, the second tuyerearray comprising plural refractory nozzles positioned on the outer faceof the fuel collection hopper such that they oriented at an angle whichlies in the range from zero to 45 degrees downward from the horizontaland are directed into a pile of fuel material within the cell.
 10. Thegasifier of claim 9 wherein air injection means comprises a third tuyerearray within the gasifier to introduce air within each individual cell,the third tuyere array comprising plural refractory nozzles positionedon the first lateral face of the fuel collection hopper such that theyoriented at an angle which lies in the range from zero to 45 degreesdownward from the horizontal and are directed into a fuel pile withinthe cell, and wherein air injection means comprises a a fourth tuyerearray within the gasifier to introduce air within each individual cell,the fourth tuyere array comprising plural refractory nozzles positionedon the second lateral face of the fuel collection hopper such that theyoriented at an angle which lies in the range from zero to 45 degreesdownward from the horizontal and are directed into a pile of fuelmaterial within the cell.
 11. The gasifier of claim 10 wherein airinjection means comprises a fifth tuyere array within the gasifier tointroduce air within each individual cell, the fifth tuyere arraycomprising plural refractory nozzles positioned on the feed cone portionsuch that they oriented at an angle which lies in the range from zero to45 degrees downward from the horizontal, and are directed into fuelmaterial within the feed cone portion.
 12. The gasifier of claim 11wherein a tuyere array comprises plural refractory nozzles in a linear,horizontally spaced arrangement.
 13. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein airinjection means comprises plural sets of refractory tuyeres such thatair is propelled into the cell from at least one set of refractorytuyeres, the at least one set of refractory tuyeres being selected fromthe following sets of refractory tuyeres: a set of refractory tuyerespositioned on the inner face of the fuel collection hopper, a set ofrefractory tuyeres positioned on the outer face of the fuel collectionhopper, a set of refractory tuyeres positioned on the first lateral faceof the fuel collection hopper, a set of refractory tuyeres positioned onthe second lateral face of the fuel collection hopper, and a set ofrefractory tuyeres positioned on the feed surface of the feed coneportion, the air injection means being controllable so that air may beintroduced in a steady flow, and alternatively so that air may beintroduced in a pulsed flow, the air injection means being controllablesuch that air flow to each tuyere array within a cell is controlledindependently of the remaining tuyere arrays within a cell.
 14. Thegasifier of claim 13 wherein a set of refractory tuyeres comprisesplural refractory nozzles in a linear, horizontally spaced arrangement,positioned on the respective face of the individual cell such that theyoriented at an angle which lies in the range from zero to 45 degreesdownward from the horizontal.
 15. The gasifier of claim 14 wherein thesource of air for each set of refractory tuyeres is provided by amanifold, and wherein each tuyere comprises an opening within therefractory lining of the cell, each tuyere comprises an elongate steelpipe, the pipe comprising a first end, a second end, and a body portionbetween the first end and second end, the pipe extending through thecell wall such that the first end lies outside the cell and the secondend lies within the refractory lining of the cell such that it is offsetfrom and in fluid communication with the opening, the manifold beingselectively releasably secured to the body portion of the pipe adjacentto the first end such that it resides outside the cell.
 16. The gasifierof claim 15 wherein the first end of the pipe comprises means forselective closure of the first end so that during normal operation thefirst end of the pipe is closed and during maintenance of the tuyere,the first end can be opened to allow the pipe and opening to cleaned.17. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein air injection means comprises atleast one all-refractory air injection lance, the at least one lancecomprising an elongate hollow lance tube, the lance tube having a firstend, a second end, and a body which extends between the first end andthe second end, the lance tube being generally horizontally orientedwithin the cell such that it extends radially with the first endabutting the rim section and the second end adjacent the sidewall, thelance tube comprising plural, horizontally-oriented, spaced-apart holes,the holes being in fluid communication with the hollow interior of thelance tube such that when air is propelled from the second end of thelance tube to the first end of the lance tube the air exits the lancetube through the holes an is injected into the cell.
 18. The gasifier ofclaim 17 wherein the at least one lance comprises one lance, and the onelance is centered between the first lateral sidewall and the secondlateral sidewall.
 19. The gasifier of claim 17 wherein the at least onelance comprises a first lance and a second lance, wherein the firstlance lies along the first lateral sidewall and the second lance liesalong the second lateral sidewall.
 20. The gasifier of claim 17 whereinthe at least one lance comprises a first lance, a second lance, and athird lance, wherein the first lance lies along the first lateralsidewall, the second lance lies along the second lateral sidewall, andthe third lance is centered between the first lateral sidewall and thesecond lateral sidewall.
 21. The gasifier of claim 17 wherein the atleast one lance is stationary.
 22. The gasifier of claim 17 wherein theat least one lance comprises a longitudinal axis which extends betweenthe first end and the second end, and wherein the at least one lance ismovable such that the at least one lance is translatable along thelongitudinal axis, and such that the at least one lance is twistableabout the longitudinal axis.
 23. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein airinjection means comprises at least one all-refractory air injectionlance, the at least one lance comprising an elongate hollow lance tube,the lance tube having a first end, a second end, and a body whichextends between the first end and the second end, the lance tube beinggenerally horizontally oriented within the cell such that it extendsradially with the first end abutting the rim section and the second endadjacent the sidewall, the lance tube comprising plural,horizontally-oriented, spaced-apart holes, the holes being in fluidcommunication with the hollow interior of the lance tube such that whenair is propelled from the second end of the lance tube to the first endof the lance tube the air exits the lance tube through the holes an isinjected into the cell, and wherein air injection means furthercomprises plural sets of refractory tuyeres such that air is propelledinto the cell from at least one set of refractory tuyeres, the at leastone set of refractory tuyeres being selected from the following sets ofrefractory tuyeres: a set of refractory tuyeres positioned on the innerface of the fuel collection hopper, a set of refractory tuyerespositioned on the outer face of the fuel collection hopper, a set ofrefractory tuyeres positioned on the first lateral face of the fuelcollection hopper, a set of refractory tuyeres positioned on the secondlateral face of the fuel collection hopper, and a set of refractorytuyeres positioned on the feed surface of the feed cone portion.
 24. Thegasifier of claim 7 wherein each individual cell is provided with ashremoval means for removal of the solid by-products of combustion fromthe cell, the ash removal means positioned immediately below the loweropening of the fuel collection hopper.
 25. The gasifier of claim 24wherein the ash removal means comprises a horizontally oriented,elongate, refractory lined channel, and a refractory piston comprising across section sized and shaped to closely fit within and slidelongitudinally within the channel, the channel comprising a first end, asecond end opposed to the first end, and a body portion which liesbetween the first end and the second end, the channel comprising a firstopening, the first opening positioned on the upper side of the bodyportion at a location which is spaced apart from the respective firstand second ends of the channel, the first opening positioned so that itsealingly abuts, confronts, and is in vertical alignment with the loweropening of the fuel collection hopper, the channel comprising a secondopening, the second opening positioned on the lower side of the bodyportion adjacent to the first end, the piston comprising a length whichlonger than the longitudinal length of the first opening, the pistoncomprising a first position within the channel and a second positionwithin the channel such that when the piston is in the first position,the piston resides generally midway between the respective first andsecond ends of the channel, lying directly below the first opening sothat the first opening is completely obstructed by the piston, and whenthe piston is in the second position, the piston resides generallyadjacent to the second end of the channel so that the first opening iscompletely unobstructed by the piston and fuel material is permitted tofall from the fuel collection hopper into the channel.
 26. The gasifierof claim 25 wherein the ash removal means comprises a verticallyoriented, elongate, refractory lined channel extension which intersectsthe lower side of the channel at the second opening, the channelextension comprising a first air sealing means, the first air sealingmeans comprising a refractory slide gate, the slide gate extendinghorizontally through a slit in the channel extension sidewall such thatit is positionable across the channel extension, the slide gate beingreceived within and supported by a shallow groove formed in the opposingside wall, the first air sealing means comprising gasketing meansprovided about the periphery of the slit and within the shallow grooveso as to prevent air leakage about the slide gate, the slide gatecomprising a first position wherein the slide gate extends across thechannel extension and provides a sealed closure to the second opening,the slide gate comprising a second position wherein the slide gate isretracted within the slit providing an unobstructed path through thesecond opening.
 27. The gasifier of claim 26 wherein the channelcomprises a second air sealing means, the second air sealing meanscomprising a gasket ring embedded within the channel wall adjacent tothe first opening such that it lies between the first opening and thesecond end of the channel, and such that it abuts and confronts theperipheral surface of the piston regardless of the longitudinal positionof the piston within the channel so as to provide an air seal betweenthe second end of the channel and the first opening.
 28. The gasifier ofclaim 25 wherein ash removal means comprises a vertically orientedrefractory flapper, the flapper comprising a cross section sized andshaped to provide a sealing fit within the channel, the flapper residingwithin the channel adjacent to the first opening such that it liesbetween the first opening and the first end of the channel, the flapperpivotally secured to the upper side of the body portion of the channelsuch that it hangs downward and is transversely oriented within thechannel so as to provide a barrier between the first opening and thefirst end of the channel when the piston is in the second position, andso as to be urged to an open, generally horizontal orientation adjacentto and in parallel with the upper side of the channel when the piston isin the first position.
 29. The gasifier of claim 24 wherein the ashremoval means comprises a horizontally oriented, elongate,refractory-lined cylindrical channel and a refractory auger, the channelcomprising a first end, a second end opposed to the first end, and abody portion which lies between the first end and the second end, thechannel comprising a first opening, the first opening positioned on theupper side of the body portion at a location which is adjacent to thefirst end of the channel, the first opening positioned so that itsealingly abuts, confronts, and is in vertical alignment with the loweropening of the fuel collection hopper, the channel comprising a secondopening, the second opening positioned on the lower side of the bodyportion adjacent to the second end, the channel comprising a verticallyoriented, elongate, refractory lined channel extension which intersectsthe lower side of the channel at the second opening, the augercomprising an elongate tube, the tube comprising a longitudinal axisaligned with the longitudinal axis of the channel, the auger comprisinga helical blade extending radially outward from the tube, the helicalblade comprising an outer diameter sized and shaped to fit closelywithin the channel, the auger rotating about its longitudinal axiswithin the channel, the auger comprising a first end which terminateswithin the first end of the channel, the auger comprising a second endwhich terminates within the second end of the channel, such that whenthe auger is in use, fuel material is propelled from the first end ofthe channel to the second end of the channel where it falls into thechannel extension.
 30. The gasifier of claim 29 wherein the elongatetube of the auger is hollow, and wherein the auger comprises airintroduction means, the air introduction means comprising openingswithin the elongate tube such that when air is propelled through theelongate tube it exits from the openings within the elongate tube and isinjected into the cell.
 31. The gasifier of claim 29 wherein the helicalblade of the auger comprises a graduated pitch such that the spacing ofthe flights of the helical blade at the first end of the auger are ashorter distance than the spacing of the flights of the helical blade atthe second end of the auger.
 32. The gasifier of claim 29 wherein thechannel extension is provided with an all-refractory rotary air lock,the rotary air lock allowing fuel material to pass downward through thechannel extension while preventing air flow through the channelextension.
 33. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the number of individualmodular cells which comprises the plurality of individual modular cellsis
 8. 34. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the number of individualmodular cells which comprises the plurality of individual modular cellsis
 4. 35. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the hemi-elliptical section ofthe dome comprises a height to diameter ratio of at least 1 to
 3. 36. Apyrolyzing gasifier for use in gasifying biomass, the gasifiercomprising a generally cylindrical body, the cylindrical body having aclosed upper end, a hollow cylindrical mid section, a substantiallyclosed lower end, and a vertically oriented centerline, the cylindricalbody comprising a steel outer shell having a refractory inner lining,wherein the upper end comprises a hemi-elliptical dome, the mid sectioncomprising a sidewall, the side wall comprising an upper end which abutsthe dome, the sidewall comprising a lower end which is opposed to theupper end, the lower end comprises an annular refractory furnace bed,the annular furnace bed being segmented into plural stationary cells,each cell being wedge-shaped so as to comprise an apex and a base, theapex of each cell being coincident with the vertically orientedcenterline, the base of each cell abutting the lower end of thesidewall, each cell comprising lateral sides extending between the apexand the base, each cell abutting the adjacent cell along the respectivelateral sides of each cell.
 37. The pyrolyzing gasifier of claim 36wherein each cell is provided with air introduction means andtemperature sensing means, and wherein the air introduction means andtemperature sensing means within each cell is monitored and controlledindependently of the remaining cells.
 38. The pyrolyzing gasifier ofclaim 37 wherein the air introduction means and the temperature sensingmeans are formed of refractory materials.
 39. The pyrolyzing gasifier ofclaim 38 wherein each cell comprises a downwardly converging duct forreceiving biomass therewithin, the downwardly converging duct comprisingan open upper edge, an open lower edge, and sidewalls extending betweenthe upper edge and lower edge, each cell comprising all-refractory ashremoval means positioned below and in vertical alignment with the loweredge.
 40. The pyrolyzing gasifier of claim 39 wherein ash removal meanscomprises a refractory channel and a refractory auger residing withinthe channel such that when the auger is rotated, ash is propelledthrough the channel.
 41. The pyrolyzing gasifier of claim 39 wherein ashremoval means comprises a refractory channel and a refractory ash ramresiding within the channel such that when the ash ram is translatedwithin the channel, ash is propelled through the channel.
 42. Thepyrolyzing gasifier of claim 39 wherein the temperature sensing meanscomprises an elongate rod, the rod having a first end, a second endopposed to the first end, and a body portion which lies between andseparates the first end from the second end, the rod comprising athermocouple embedded in the second end, the rod comprising at least twothermocouples embedded in the body portion, the thermocouples positionedon the rod in a spaced apart relationship, the rod being provided in alength such that the first end resides adjacent to the upper edge of thedownwardly converging duct and the second end resides adjacent to thelower edge of the downwardly converging duct so that the temperature canbe measured simultaneously at multiple locations within the cell. 43.The pyrolyzing gasifier of claim 39 wherein the air introduction meanscomprises at least one all-refractory air injection lance, the at leastone lance comprising an elongate hollow lance tube, the lance tubehaving a first end, a second end, and a body which extends between thefirst end and the second end, the lance tube being generallyhorizontally oriented within the cell such that it extends radially withthe first end abutting the rim section and the second end adjacent thesidewall, the lance tube comprising plural, horizontally-oriented,spaced-apart holes, the holes being in fluid communication with thehollow interior of the lance tube such that when air is propelled fromthe second end of the lance tube to the first end of the lance tube theair exits the lance tube through the holes an is injected into the cell.44. The pyrolyzing gasifier of claim 39 wherein the sidewalls of thecell comprise an inner face, an outer face, a first lateral face, and asecond lateral face, wherein the air introduction means comprises pluralsets of refractory tuyeres such that air is propelled into the cell fromat least one set of refractory tuyeres, the at least one set ofrefractory tuyeres being selected from the following sets of refractorytuyeres: a set of refractory tuyeres positioned on the inner face, a setof refractory tuyeres positioned on the outer face, a set of refractorytuyeres positioned on the first lateral face, a set of refractorytuyeres positioned on the second lateral face.
 45. The pyrolyzinggasifier of claim 39 wherein the sidewalls of the cell comprise an innerface, an outer face, a first lateral face, and a second lateral face,wherein the air introduction means comprises a combination of at leastone all-refractory air injection lance and at least one set ofrefractory tuyeres, the at least one lance comprising an elongate hollowlance tube, the lance tube having a first end, a second end, and a bodywhich extends between the first end and the second end, the lance tubebeing generally horizontally oriented within the cell such that itextends radially with the first end abutting the rim section and thesecond end adjacent the sidewall, the lance tube comprising plural,horizontally-oriented, spaced-apart holes, the holes being in fluidcommunication with the hollow interior of the lance tube such that whenair is propelled from the second end of the lance tube to the first endof the lance tube the air exits the lance tube through the holes an isinjected into the cell, the at least one set of refractory tuyeres beingselected from a plurality of sets of refractory tuyeres, the pluralityof sets of refractory tuyeres comprising the following: a set ofrefractory tuyeres positioned on the inner face, a set of refractorytuyeres positioned on the outer face, a set of refractory tuyerespositioned on the first lateral face, a set of refractory tuyerespositioned on the second lateral face.
 46. A refractory probe fordetermining the temperature gradient within a furnace, the refractoryprobe comprising an elongate refractory body, the body comprising alength, the body comprising a plurality of thermocouples spaced apartalong the length of the body and embedded thereon, the thermocouplesproviding a means for simultaneous temperature measurement at multiplelocations.
 47. The refractory probe of claim 46 wherein the plurality ofthermocouples comprises at least three thermocouples.